Underwater wireless sensor network communication using electromagnetic waves at resonance frequency 2.4 GHz

A comprehensive study of electromagnetic waves underwater propagation for a wireless sensor network is introduced in this paper. A mathematical model for the path loss due to attenuation of electromagnetic waves propagates in sea and pure water is given. Reflection from the air-water and water-sand interfaces as a function of distance between sensors and water depth is also introduced. A high gain antenna is required to overcome the high value of path loss. A bow-tie antenna is very common antenna used for underwater wireless communication applications. A high gain bow-tie antenna is designed and simulated using FEKO software. The antenna performance parameters studied in this paper are return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, input impedance and gain.